Leadership in Organization

Introduction Globalization affectsleadership in diverse ways. Indicatively, there is an eminent increase in the level of organizational competitiveness. This trend remains observable within different business and organizational arena. The pattern explains the need for strategic leadership within organizations (DuBrin, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper defines the concept of leadership. It also highlights the significance of leadership and outlines its basic disparities with management. In addition, the discussion outlines and explains the six qualities of an effective leadership within organizational settings. Finally, there is a discussion of four different leadership styles. The paper also compares and analyzes the leadership styles. In this process, it provides examples of such leaders. Leadership Leadership involves several functions and processes. Simply, it involves the process of directing individuals towards the attainment of specific objectives. The process involves controlling, managing and even manipulating. Leadership bears a lot of importance. Generally, groups of persons require an effective guidance and stewardship. The process enables timely accomplishment of principal goals. Observably, organizations are composed of diverse personalities (Polelle, 2007). Leadership helps in the processes of conflict resolutions. Leadership enables individuals to develop analytical and critical skills. These are appropriate for effective dispute resolution. Leadership is important for personal motivation and inspiration. It is critical to note that motivation is a vital element in the development of novelty amongst various groups. Therefore, leadership forms the springboard for innovation and transformation within organizations. Most leadership strategies play significant roles in introducing transformation or change initiatives within organizations. This practice remains entrenched in positive value systems and beliefs. Leadership is applicable in the nurturing and development of constructive behavior patterns and organizational culture (DuBrin, 2011). There are several disparities between leadership and management processes. For example, unlike management, leadership operates to develop concepts and principles. On the other hand, management operations are purely administrative. Whilst most management procedures accept a given status quo, leadership processes enhance innovation. Management applies pragmatic approaches in handling situations. However, leadership remains more resourceful (Jones Pound, 2008). Moreover, its basic aim is to apply transformative problem resolution mechanisms. Leadership applies humanistic attributes such as empathy. Additionally, it concentrates on the development of personality.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you ! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In these initiatives, it provides attention to individual understanding and motivation. Conversely, management operations assume linear perspectives. There is also an eminent focus on structure and mechanisms. Management processes perceive threats and reduce the notable weaknesses. Leadership Qualities Effective leaders depict transformative and strong personal qualities. Foremost, an effective leader must be visionary. This means that such leaders must have the competency to initiate strong vision within their teams. This defines the scope of operation and the critical objective of the entire team. It also indicates the path that followers must pursue. Secondly, it is vital for leaders to be reliable (Jones Pound, 2008). The followers are able to depend on and build trust on their leaders. An effective leader must not indulge in issuing false promises. Moreover, such leaders must be steadfast in meeting their promises. This r elates to promises pertaining to the internal and external stakeholders. This quality enhances the processes of delegation and task completion. Effective leaders require audacity as an important quality. This quality enables leaders to be outspoken and commanding. Particularly, this relates to dealing with their followers. The quality is vital since leadership involves effective communication and feedback processes. Leaders need the capacity to empower their followers. Effective leaders stir the emotions and motivate followers to achieve their life goals. Most innovators indicate the significance of motivation in enhancing novelty. This quality is vital in the accomplishment of collective organizational objectives. All effective leaders must have a positive and constructive attitude towards their duties (DuBrin, 2011). This quality enables them to act as role models. Through this, they are also able to initiate good examples for their followers. Lastly, it is necessary for leaders t o adopt motivating and transformative qualities. These are necessities in decision-making processes. Leadership Styles Autocratic leaders exercise full control over their followers. This leadership style is very different from the transactional or transformational headship. In this style of leadership, the followers have minimal capacities to provide advice. Moreover, they do not participate in decision processes within the system (Polelle, 2007). It is unlike the democratic leadership in which there is maximum consideration of the opinions of various followers. President Mugabe is d example of an autocratic leader. This leadership approach enables faster decision-making procedures. Additionally, major are effectively completed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Charismatic leadership is appropriate for the development of followers. It is also attributabl e to transformational leadership system. Charismatic leaders have the capability to motivate and inspire the followers to attain their basic goals (Jones Pound, 2008). The leadership system helps to stir dedication and commitment towards the attainment of collective aims. It is an opposite of autocratic leadership. Autocratic leadership does not involve all followers. Principally, this relates to decision processes. Nelson Mandela is one of the world’s renowned charismatic leaders. Transactional leadership bases its principles on team processes. According to this approach, all team members indulge in work and decision initiatives. All members are bound to accomplish specific obligations. This is largely unlike the bureaucratic or autocratic approaches to leadership. There are reimbursements provided to all the members. However, this occurs only after their effective performance. Mr. Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore provides an example of a transactional leader (Polelle, 2007). Ther e are unique features of transactional leadership. For instance, there is a proper definition and delegation of individual roles. These have remarkable contributions to the collective objectives of particular teams. Democratic leadership style utilizes the principles of participation. The approach is an opposite of autocratic leadership system. The leadership system considers the feelings and insinuations of all personalities or followers. In addition, unlike the bureaucratic processes, these leaders engage all persons in their decision processes. There are notable similarities with other leadership systems (Polelle, 2007). For example, transformational leadership also encourages motivation and novelty. The maximum participation of followers lowers the basic time for decision operations. However, like in other constructive forms of leadership, the system is effective. One of the globally acknowledged democratic leaders is John F. Kennedy. Conclusion Poor leadership strategies make o rganizations more redundant and non-competitive. Therefore, leadership is a critical component of management. It is appropriate for organizations to be aware of various leadership approaches. Principally, there is an evident significance of leadership in enhancing competitive performance and output.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is applicable to both the business and non-profit organization. There is a high level of competition within the domestic and global platforms. The paper focused on the analysis of the concept of leadership. Apart from this, it also discussed different leadership qualities and styles. References DuBrin, A. J. (2011). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Jones, C. A. Pound, L. (2008). Leadership and management in the early years: From principles to practice. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Polelle, M. R. (2007). Leadership: Fifty great leaders and the worlds they made. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. This essay on Leadership in Organization was written and submitted by user Heaven Vaughn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on American Marraige In Contrast With Muslim Weddings

Marriage is a legal agreement between two people. It’s an important religious ceremony in every culture. There are different customs to celebrate this event. The foundations of marriage are built on trust but in every culture the way they celebrate their joy is different. In the Muslim culture, marriage celebrations are quite different from American celebrations. In Muslim culture, there is a high rate of arranged marriages. Usually, parents arrange the marriages for their children. Parents play a big role in the marriage of their children. There’s also a love marriage but not most of the time. In America, the highest rate of marriages are love marriages. Every child has the liberty to marry whomever they want. In the Muslim culture, girls are supposed to marry early. The earliest marrying age for girls is 16; but she must be to married before she reaches the age of 25. In America there is no such kind of age restriction. In order to find a suitable spouse, Americans date each other before marriage. In Muslim culture you’re not allowed to date before marriage. People have to get the permission to meet in front of their elders, but they are not allowed to be physically close with each other at any point before the marriage rituals are completed. In fact in America, at the marriage ceremony the couples kiss each other, but Muslims would never do this. Also the weddings attire is very different for the bride and groom in both cultures. American brides wear white bride gowns, whereas, Muslim brides wear red or maroon dresses called â€Å"Shararra†. Muslim Grooms wear an outfit called â€Å"kameez pajama† while American grooms wear a tuxedo or a three-piece suit. In the marriage ceremony of Muslims, the parents of the bride and the groom have to give gifts to each and every guest who attends the marriage ceremony. In America, people give g... Free Essays on American Marraige In Contrast With Muslim Weddings Free Essays on American Marraige In Contrast With Muslim Weddings Marriage is a legal agreement between two people. It’s an important religious ceremony in every culture. There are different customs to celebrate this event. The foundations of marriage are built on trust but in every culture the way they celebrate their joy is different. In the Muslim culture, marriage celebrations are quite different from American celebrations. In Muslim culture, there is a high rate of arranged marriages. Usually, parents arrange the marriages for their children. Parents play a big role in the marriage of their children. There’s also a love marriage but not most of the time. In America, the highest rate of marriages are love marriages. Every child has the liberty to marry whomever they want. In the Muslim culture, girls are supposed to marry early. The earliest marrying age for girls is 16; but she must be to married before she reaches the age of 25. In America there is no such kind of age restriction. In order to find a suitable spouse, Americans date each other before marriage. In Muslim culture you’re not allowed to date before marriage. People have to get the permission to meet in front of their elders, but they are not allowed to be physically close with each other at any point before the marriage rituals are completed. In fact in America, at the marriage ceremony the couples kiss each other, but Muslims would never do this. Also the weddings attire is very different for the bride and groom in both cultures. American brides wear white bride gowns, whereas, Muslim brides wear red or maroon dresses called â€Å"Shararra†. Muslim Grooms wear an outfit called â€Å"kameez pajama† while American grooms wear a tuxedo or a three-piece suit. In the marriage ceremony of Muslims, the parents of the bride and the groom have to give gifts to each and every guest who attends the marriage ceremony. In America, people give g...

Definition and Discussion of Middle English

Definition and Discussion of Middle English Middle English was the language spoken in England from about 1100 to 1500. Five major  dialects of Middle English have been identified (Northern, East Midlands, West Midlands, Southern, and Kentish), but the research of Angus McIntosh and others... supports the claim that this period of the language was rich in dialect diversity (Barbara A. Fennell, A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach, 2001). Major literary works written in Middle English include Havelok the Dane,  Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,  Piers Plowman, and  Geoffrey  Chaucers Canterbury Tales. The form of Middle English thats most familiar to modern readers is the London dialect, which was the dialect of Chaucer and the basis of what would eventually become standard English. Examples and Observations Chaucers Canterbury TalesWhan that Aprill, with his shoures sooteThe droghte of March hath perced to the rooteAnd bathed every veyne in swich licour,Of which vertu engendred is the flour...[When the sweet showers of April have piercedThe drought of March, and pierced it to the rootAnd every vein is bathed in that moistureWhose quickening force will engender the flower...](Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, late 14th century. Translation by David Wright. Oxford University Press, 2008)Many Middle EnglishesMiddle English varied enormously over time and by region; Angus McIntosh notes that there are over a thousand dialectically differentiated varieties of Middle English. Indeed,  some scholars go so far as to say that Middle English is not... a language at all but rather something of a scholarly fiction, an amalgam of forms and sounds, writers and manuscripts, famous works and little-known ephemera. This is a little extreme, but certainly prior to the later fo urteenth century Middle English was primarily a spoken rather than a written language, and did not have official administrative functions in either a secular or religious context. This has resulted in a critical tendency to place English at the bottom of the linguistic hierarchy of medieval England, with Latin and French as the dominant languages of discourse, instead of seeing the symbiotic relationship between English, French, and Latin...By the fifteenth century Middle English was extensively used in the written documentation of business, civic government, Parliament, and the royal household.(Rachel E. Moss,  Fatherhood and Its Representations in Middle English Texts. D.S. Brewer, 2013) The Vocabulary of Middle English- In 1066, William the Conqueror led the Norman invasion of England, marking the beginning of the  Middle English  period. This invasion brought a  major influence  to English from Latin and French. As is often the case with invasions, the conquerors dominated the major political and economic life in England. While this invasion had some influence on English grammar, the most powerful impact was on vocabulary.(Evelyn Rothstein and Andrew S. Rothstein,  English Grammar Instruction That Works!  Corwin, 2009)- The core vocabulary of [Middle] English comprised the monosyllabic words for basic concepts,  bodily functions, and body parts inherited from Old English and shared with the other Germanic languages. These words include: God,  man, tin, iron, life, death, limb, nose, ear, foot, mother, father, brother, earth, sea, horse, cow, lamb.Words from French are often polysyllabic terms for the  institutions of the Conquest (church, administ ration, law), for things imported with the Conquest (castles, courts, prisons), and terms of high culture and social status (cuisine, fashion, literature, art, decoration).(Seth Lerer,  Inventing English: A Portable History of the Language. Columbia University Press, 2007) French Influence on Middle English- From 1150 to 1500 the language is known as Middle English. During this period the inflections, which had begun to break down during the end of the Old English period, become greatly reduced...By making English the language mainly of uneducated people, the Norman Conquest [in 1066] made it easier for grammatical changes to go forward unchecked.French influence is much more direct and observable upon the vocabulary. Where two languages exist side by side for a long time and the relations between the people speaking them are as intimate as they were in England, a considerable transference of words from one language to the other is inevitable...When we study the French words appearing in English before 1250, roughly 900 in number, we find that many of them were such as the lower classes would become familiar with through contact with a French-speaking nobility: (baron, noble, dame, servant, messenger, feast, minstrel, juggler, largess)... In the period after 1250,... the upper classes carried over into English an astonishing number of common French words. In changing from French to English, they transferred much of their governmental and administrative vocabulary, their ecclesiastical, legal, and military terms, their familiar words of fashion, food, and social life, the vocabulary of art, learning, and medicine.(A. C. Baugh and T. Cable, A History of the English Language. Prentice-Hall, 1978)- French continued to occupy a prestigious place in English society, especially the Central French dialect spoken in Paris. This prompted an increase in the numbers of French words borrowed, especially those relating to French society and culture. As a  consequence, English words concerned with scholarship, fashion, the arts, and foodsuch as college, robe, verse, beefare often drawn from French (even if their ultimate origins lie in Latin). The higher status of French in this [late Middle English] period continues to influence the associat ions of pairs of synonyms in Modern English, such as begin-commence, look-regard, stench-odour. In each of these pairs, the French borrowing is of a higher register than the word inherited from Old English.(Simon Horobin,  How English Became English. Oxford University Press, 2016) A Fuzzy Boundary[T]he transition from Middle to early modern English is above all the period of the elaboration of the English language. Between the late 14th and 16th centuries, the English language began increasingly to take on more functions. These changes in function had, it is argued here, a major effect on the form of English: so major, indeed, that the old distinction between Middle and modern retains considerable validity, although the boundary between these two linguistic epochs was obviously a fuzzy one.(Jeremy J. Smith, From Middle to Early Modern English. The Oxford History of English, ed. by Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford University Press, 2006)Chaucer on Changes in the Forme of SpeecheYe knowe ek that in forme of speeche is chaungeWithinne a thousand yeer, and wordes thoThat hadden pris, now wonder nyce and straungeUs thinketh hem, and yet thei spake hem so,And spedde as wel in love as men now do;Ek for to wynnen love in sondry ages,In sondry londes, sondry ben usages.[You k now also that in (the) form of speech (there) is changeWithin a thousand years, and words thenThat had value, now wonderfully curious and strange(To) us they seem, and yet they spoke them so,And succeeded as well in love as men now do;Also to win love in sundry ages,In sundry lands, (there) are many usages.](Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, late 14th century. Translation by Roger Lass in Phonology and Morphology. A History of the English Language, edited by Richard M. Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge University Press, 2008)

Philosophy of Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Philosophy of Science - Essay Example This paper discusses the problem of induction and how it impacts current knowledge and approach to science. This discussion revolves primarily around works of David Hume and Karl Popper due to the former theorising on induction more than any other philosopher and the latter revealing inapplicability of induction for science and scientific method. Alan Musgrave (2004) in his critique of induction problem introduces Hume's argument as the basis for understanding the dilemma. Musgrave distinguishes Hume's three points, namely: (1) we reason, and must reason, inductively; (2) inductive reasoning is logically invalid and (3) to reason in a logically invalid way is irrational. Thus, the problem of induction is a problem confronted by scientists and philosophers concerned with science, but more specifically it is a problem for scientific method. Furthermore, it is a problem for the practice of science, for scientific endeavor, and it is a problem for the procedures of science. From the critical perspective, as science is or ought to be, it faces and must solve the problem of induction. David Hume created a philosophical system to explain his understanding of human nature. He provided a solid non-metaphysical explanation of the nature of human thought to use as a foundation to his philosophy. As an empiricist, Hume believed our knowledge is of the phenomenal world and is gained through experience. The following passage addresses not only his opinion regarding metaphysics, but his basic belief regarding the significance of ideas and impressions: All ideas, especially abstract ones, are naturally faint and obscure: the mind has but a slender hold of them: they are apt to be confounded with other resembling ideas; and when we have often employed any term, though without a distinct meaning, we are apt to imagine it as a determinate idea annexed to it. On the contrary, all impressions, that is, all sensations, either outward or inward, are strong and vivid; the limits between them are more exactly determined: nor is it easy to fall into any error or mistake with regard to them (Hume, 1985, p.49). Hume built a unique system of knowledge. Creating complex ideas by comparing or combining simple ideas is the province of understanding, which includes imagination as well as the intellect. Everything we believe comes from experience, either as a simple idea derived from direct experience or as a complex of related ideas abstracted from experience. Human understanding comes from applying the intellect and imagination to ideas in order to form beliefs about the phenomenal world. Hume claimed there are only three types of connection between ideas: resemblance, contiguity in time and space, and cause and effect (Hume, 1999, p.101). Therefore, beliefs are gained by applying the intellect and imagination to ideas to abstract what they have in common, including location

Perfect Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Perfect Position Paper - Essay Example This is a leadership position which involves allocating resources to projects or activities within the company. I can passionately hold, communicate to others, at the heart of the leader’s activities and priority. To my integrity, I will act outwardly in a mode that would be consistent with inner values. I have the dedication to providing time to achieve the vision and set the example. Humility grants me the recognition that I am not a perfect person than the rest in the team. I can listen to novel ideas even if they confront the views I may hold. Creativity enables me to think differently, encourage and develop new ideas. I would be able to treat everyone justly and consistently, without jumping into conclusions before listening to facts. I would take responsibility for failures and give others credit where they deserve. Through a sense of humor, I would relieve tension, engage followers and diffuse hostility. For the sake of the company’s success, I would perform seve ral roles. Create plans and strategies; providing the task to be accomplished, the time it should be accomplished, who should accomplish it, and how it should be accomplished. This will enable the team accomplish tasks. Strategies provide a well established environment to perform projects of the company (Mintzberg, Lampel, Quinn & Ghoshal, p. 41). Creating long-term vision; this will ensure that the team has foreseen the future and carry out duties towards achieving the company’s objectives. Inspiring others; this should be in accordance to the created vision. Communicating direction; setting up strategies for effective communication enables followers to perform the right task at the right time. Facilitating change; every partisan would provide ideas for transformation. Building consensus; this would be after a critical view from facts created upon several members’ opinions. Developing groups and the individual talent; teamwork enables members to achieve a common objec tive from a common ground. Allocating resources; financing fundamental activities in the company enhances profit realization. Through a critical analysis of my roles within the company, I would apply a transformational leadership style. Transformational leaders incorporate change. They follow a vision and inspire others towards the vision. They build opportunities for the team to show flair and are responsible for innovative ideas. This leadership style requires one to be strategic, charismatic and extravert. These are leaders who can make out the broad picture instead of detail. They inspire vast loyalty and set examples. If the followers recognize them as hypocritical, the team becomes cynical or disillusioned (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 69). Implementing the success cycle provides a stepping stone in becoming a transformational leader. This involves vision, goals, plans, action, monitoring progress, and reviewing achievements. The vision would be for the collective success instead of an individual one. The vision should be shared and sold to the team. Selling a vision would entail conviction, courage, a wish to inspire others, and a desire for adjustments. Goals are milestones towards the ultimate vision. They would define the achievements and outcomes in a minute, more tangible and manageable than the vision. The plan will outline the criteria to achieve the set goals and specify the required resources for success. The

From Corded to Cordless Essay Example for Free

From Corded to Cordless Essay From the construction site to the home, the electric drill is a commonly used tool in todays society. The electric drill has been refined throughout the last century to form a tool that is both versatile and aesthetically pleasing. The 20th Century drill has come a long way from it 19th Century predecessors. Australian, Arthur James Arnot, patented the worlds first electric drill in 1889. Arnots electric drill could perform all the tasks of an ordinary drill but with much greater efficiency. Then in 1895, German, Wilhelm Fein invented the first cordless (DC) electric drill. A cordless electric drill is a type of electric drill which uses rechargeable batteries, i.e. direct current (DC). Feins drill could spin a 1200 rpm (revolutions per minute) and relied on the user to press against the back of the drill in order to achieve good leverage. These early designed were not ergonomically tested and an issue arouse because the drills were somewhat heavy due to the metal (mainly steel) components. It was not till the early 1900s that the heavy steel exterior was replaced with the much lighter aluminum. Early cordless (DC) drills used Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries. NiCd batteries have a limited lifespan, self discharge and ultimately will internally short circuit due to dendrite growth. This poses a hazard when disposing of such NiCd batteries. It was for this reason and others that there was a move from NiCd batteries to Lithium ion batteries at the beginning of the 21st Century. The main advantage of using Lithium ion batteries is the dramatically shorter charging time and the longer lifespan. Lithium ion batteries also make the drill much more versatile because; unlike NiCd batteries, Lithium ion batteries have a constant discharge rate. The year 1917 marked the beginning of the designs we see today. Black and Decker patented a trigger like switch mounted on a piston-grip, the first hand held drill of its kind. This innovative design helped to increase productivity as the user had a free hand to perform tasks that, previously, may have required another person. The 1930s/40s saw a boom in the mass production of electric drills. The electric drill was made available to a greater number of people around the world. Societys homeowners wanted to take a more active role in the maintenance and repair of their homes. Mass production of the electric drill lead to the development of more powerful, more efficient, more versatile electric drills. Society at the time had a great impact on the design and aesthetics of the electric drill. Manufacturers realized that they could not sell industrial looking tools to common homeowners, so product materials began to change during this time. Manufacturers started to use plastic, which considerably reduced the weight and very much added to the appeal of the electric drill. The use of plastic also had an even greater positive effect, which was to prevent the user from suffering an electric shock if the electric drill was the short circuit. The exterior of the electric drill was also extensively changed, as societys homeowners wanted products that were aesthetically pleasing. Hence the lustrous yellow base color and contrasting black grip of most modern electric drills. The willingness of manufactures to change their design to accommodate the consumer desires is a reflection of societys impact on the design of the electric drill. Bibliography: Wikipedia[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill][Internet](Accessed 290208)www.bharatbhasha.com[http://www.bharatbhasha.com/education.php/48809][Internet](Accessed 290208)By Andrew Cutler[http://shl.stanford.edu:3455/TenThings/820][Internet](Accessed 020308)[http://shl.stanford.edu:3455/TenThings/914][Internet](Accessed 020308)

Essay --

Rachel Bullock Professor Josh West Introducing Global Issues November 18, 2013 Gold Mining Child Labor in Tanzania â€Å"150 million children aged 5-14 in developing countries, about 16 per cent of all children in this age group, are involved in child labor† (UNICEF). Child labor has extreme effects on the children’s health, child mortality, and also goes against children’s rights. These topics are explained in our text in chapter 11 â€Å"Children.† Child labor is an excessive problem in Tanzania where children have jobs of gold mining. Many of these children are forced into child labor to contribute to the income of their household. According to Mark Tran, writer for The Guardian newspaper, Tanzania has more than 800,000 small-scale gold miners, thousands of whom are children. Most of the small-scale mining takes place on unlicensed, unauthorized mines (Tran). â€Å"A child considered malnourished is one whose weight is more than 20 percent below the normal reference weight for his or her age† (Snarr 217). A large number of the children in the world are malnourished. The number of malnutrition children is slowly decreasing but in Africa not much progress has been done. According to Snarr, in the developing countries, â€Å"one of every four children under the age of five is underweight.† Children that are underweight have a harder time getting over normal childhood illnesses like diarrhea and respiratory infections, this can cause the death of the child. (Snarr 218) â€Å"Children who grow up malnutrition usually have low levels of iron, protein, and energy which can result in stunt of growth, impaired social and cognitive development† (Snarr 218). Many of the children that work in the gold mines in Tanzania are working because they are malnutrition an... ...tp://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_ Neff, Zama Coursen . "Africa's Child Mining Shame | Human Rights Watch."Africa's Child Mining Shame | Human Rights Watch. CNN, 11 Sept. 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. . Snarr, Michael T., and D. Neil Snarr. "Children." Introducing global issues. 5th ed. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2012. 211-228. Print. "Tanzania: Hazardous Life of Child Gold Miners." Tanzania: Hazardous Life of Child Gold Miners | Human Rights Watch. N.p., 28 Aug. 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. . Tran, Mark. "Tanzania's child gold miners risking injury and abuse to support families." the Guardian. N.p., 28 Aug. 2013. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. .