VLSI Architecture for QR Decomposition on MHHT Algoritm

VLSI Architecture for QR Decomposition on MHHT Algoritm A VLSI Architecture for the QR Decomposition based on the MHHT Algorithm s.n.v.sai.pratap1 k.kalyani2 s.rajaram3 Abstract: This paper presents Novel VLSI (Very Large Scale of Integration) architecture for the QR decomposition (QRD) based on the Modified Householder transformation (MHHT) algorithm. QRD of a matrix H is decomposition of matrixHinto a productof an orthogonal matrix Qand an upper triangularR. QRD is often used to solve several engineering problems in many areas. Pre-processing modules based on QRD makes the decoding in signal processing easier and implementing data detection with QRD helps to reduce the complexity of spatial multiplexing MIMO – OFDM detection. The techniques used for implementing QR decomposition are: Givens rotation, Modified GramSchmidt Orthogonalization (MGS), Householder Transformations (HHT), and indeed Modified Householder transformation (MHHT). The proposed MHHT algorithm shows best trade-off between complexity and numerical precision, and also suites for VLSI architectures. The proposed MHHT algorithm reduces computation time and hardware area of the QRD block compared to the existing Householder algorithm. Implementation of this algorithm is carried out in FPGA Virtex6 xc6vlx550tl-1Lff1759 device with the help of Xilinx ISE 14.1. Keywords: MIMO systems,VLSI architecture, QR Decomposition (QRD), Householder Transformation(HHT). 1. INTRODUCTION: The QR decomposition (QRD) is a basic matrix factorization method from matrix-computation theory used to compute two output matrices Q and R from an input matrix H, such that H = QR. QRD is often used to solve many engineering areas like least-square problems, linear system equations etc. For symbol-decoding solutions inside Spatial-Multiplexing Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (SM-MIMO) systems, QRD basically consists in simplifying demodulation tasks in suboptimal and near-optimal solutions by finding an orthogonal matrix Q and an upper-triangular matrix R from an input matrix H. Several techniques towards implementing the QRD are already reported in literature. For instance, and under the context of SM-MIMO systems, the most explored are the Modified Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization (MGS, as a generalized improvement of the Gram-Schmidt algorithm), Givens rotation, the Modified Householder Transformations (MHHT as an enhancement of the Householder Transformation algorithm). Due to its simplicity and numerical stability, the QR factorization algorithm utilizing Householder transformations has been adopted. An overview of the main steps of the Existing Householder QR algorithm is presented. The purpose of this work is to show that when modifying existing Householder QR factorization to the matrix H, the computational complexity and hardware area gets reduced. Due to its trade-off in complexity, numerical precision, and VLSI implementation suitability, the MHHT is preferred. The contribution of this paper is to present a flexible and scalable FPGA-based VLSI architecture with competitive capabilities against other related approaches, motivated on the context of SM-MIMO demodulation solutions. The organization of this paper is as follows: Section II presents the QRD. In Section III, the exisiting HHT and MHHT algorithm is exposed. Implementation results are reported in Section IV, and conclusions are covered in Section V. 2. QR DECOMPOSITION The QRD constitutes a relevant pre-processing operation in SM-MIMO demodulation tasks [1-2]. The baseband equivalent model can be described in (1) At each symbol time, a vector S with each symbol belonging to the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (q-QAM) constellation passes through the channel response matrix H. The received vector y at the receiving antenna for each symbol time is a noisy superimposition of the signals contaminated by Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) given by n.The maximum likelihood (ML) detector is the optimum detection algorithm for the MIMO system. It requires finding the signal point from all transmit vector signal sets that minimize the Euclidean distance with respect to the received signal vector. The transmitted symbol s can be estimated by solving (2) This gives the optimal result. However, solving (2) with larger constellations and multiple antennas will result in complex calculations. Instead of solving (2) as such, the symbol estimation can be simplified by using QR decomposition of.That is where resides the usefulness of decomposing matrix H in a QR form, yielding a back-recursive dependency on elements in S without incurring into a BER (Bit Error Rate) loss [3-4]. With this practice, the computational complexity is reduced. The detected vector is computed based on the ML algorithm with QR decomposition as given in (3) (3) where is in upper triangular form, approximation of is computationally simpler with the aid of (3). Note that for MIMO-OFDM systems operated in stationary environments, the channel matrix remains almost the same. Thus, QR decomposition of the channel matrix can be done only once to get matrix. On the other hand, the calculation of must be updated for every incoming signal. 2.1 QRD IMPLEMENTATION The techniques used for QR decomposition are: Gram–Schmidt algorithm obtains the orthogonal basis spanning the column space of the matrix by the orthogonality principle. Using a series of projection, subtraction, norm and division, the column vector of the unitary matrix containing the orthogonal basis can be acquired one by one and upper triangular matrix is also obtained as a by-product. Householder Transformation (HHT) tries to zero out the most elements of each column vector at a stroke by reflection operations. The upper triangular matrix is derived after each transformation matrix being applied to every column vector sequentially. The unitary matrix involves the multiplications of these Householder transformation matrices and thus the complexity is much higher. On the other hand, Givens Rotation (GR) zeros one element of the matrix at a time by two-dimensional rotation. If an identity matrix is fed as an input, the unitary matrix will be calculated by using the same rotation sequence when the upper triangular matrix is obtained (Malstev 2006; Hwang 2008 and Patel 2009).The Gram–Schmidt algorithm has the disadvantage that small imprecisions in the calculation of inner products accumulate quickly and lead to effective loss of orthogonality.HHT method has greater numerical stabilitythan the Gram–Schmidt method. Givens method stores two numbers c and s, for each rotation and thus requires more storage and work than Householder method .Givens rotation requires more complicated implementation in order to overcome this disadvantages. Givens rotation can be beneficial for computing QR factorization only when many entries of matrix are already zero, since nullifying certain matrix elements can be skipped. Unlike Givens Transform, Householder Transform can act on all columns of a matrix, and require less computations for Tridiagonalization and QR decomposition, but cannot be deeply or efficiently parallelized. Householder is used for dense matrices on sequential machines, while Givens is u sed for sparse matrices or/on parallel machines. 3. QRD using Householder Transformation In this section, the existing Householder Transformation algorithm is described, followed by proposed HHT method architecture is demonstrated in detail. 3.1 Householder Transformation Householder QR algorithm gradually transforms H into an upper triangular form R by applying a sequence of Householder matrices (multiplies H from the left with Q). Householder transformation is performed by projecting a multi-dimensional input vector onto a plane zeroes multiple elements at the same time. An nÃâ€"n matrix H of the form , (4) is called a Householder matrix. The vector is called a Householder vector. Pre-multiplication of the coefficient matrix with is used to zero out appropriate elements of. It is easy to verify that Householder matrices are symmetric and orthogonal. The Householder matrix block involves the computation of an outer product which requires complexity operation. However, the practical time requirement of using to zero out elements in is lower than that of computing a full outer product. This is because of the tedious computation of the full matrix which is not necessary in practice. Householder reflections work well for introducing large number of zeros using just one matrix multiplication (computing). Normally, all the elements below the diagonal of an entire column of the matrix are eliminated by one Householder reflection. However, this leads to a difficulty when Householder transforms are implemented on parallelly. One reflection affects multiple rows, and therefore, it is difficult to achieve fine-grained parallelism in the operation. The algorithm for Householder transform is given in Table 1. and its block diagram is given in Figure 2. Fig. 2 Block diagram of HHT Table 1 HHT algorithm End Householder vector block: The conventional method of Householder algorithm for decomposing channel matrix is given in Table 1. Initially, the channel matrix is assigned to matrix. It can be periodically updated by following steps to obtain upper triangular matrix. The first column of is assigned to ‘a’ vector. After that the norm value of ‘a’ is calculated and assigned it to ‘g’. The Householder vector ‘v’ is the division ‘u’ and‘t’ which is the norm operation of vector selection . Householder matrix block: The output of Householder vector is given as input to Householder matrix block. Finally, H is computed by The above operation can be updated upto n times to obtain the upper triangular matrix and unitary matrix. It is given below, (5) Q = (HnHn-1†¦H1) T (6) Here the matrix is given to the input of channel matrix to update its vector value. The orthogonal matrix is computed by the multiplication of ‘n’ Householder matrix. Hence its complexity increases and also it occupy more hardware area. If the matrix size increases, the hardware area also increases tremendously. So there is need to reduce the hardware complexity of this block. 3.2 Proposed HHT method The existing method of Householder reflection requires large hardware area and computation time. Householder transformations also provide the capability of nullifying multiple elements simultaneously by reflecting a multi-dimensional input vector onto a plane. However, VLSI implementation of the Householder algorithm needs square-root, multiplication and division operations, which require high hardware complexity. To resolve this issue, a novel Householder algorithm is presented that use series of simple Householder projections, which can be easily implemented using simple arithmetic operations. The proposed algorithm as given in table2 has lesser number of computations compared to the existing algorithm. In Figure 3, the block diagram of modified method is given. It shows two major sub blocks (i.e.) householder vector block and householder matrix block. Householder vector block is same to the previous method of computing ‘v’ with extra weight vector computation. Here modification taken in the Householder matrix block to eliminate matrix multiplication. The vector ‘v’ subtracted from ‘f’ and column vector of channel matrix to give ‘H’ value. Fig. 3 Block diagram of MHHT. In the first step, matrix H is reduced to with all zeros below the diagonal element in the first column by computing the sign of the pivot element d and weight value w. Compared to the previous algorithm, number of steps required to obtain the first matrix can be reduced. For example, if the initial channel matrix of 4Ãâ€"4 undergone to Householder reflection, then it reduces the matrix with all zeros below the first element. The computation of Householder vector in the existing algorithm requires large memory and area. Because is a 4Ãâ€"4 matrix, multiplication of become complex process. To avoid such a task, column vector of matrix has been taken one by one and process it iteratively to obtain the upper triangular matrix. After computation of the first step the matrix size reduced to. After that, the sub matrix of size 3Ãâ€"3 is taken and the steps can be applied repeatedly. The algorithm to compute Householder Vector block is given below. Table 2 HHT algorithm End Repeat above steps for right bottom (n-1)*(n-1) matrix of R Householder vector block: In this Householder reflection algorithm, it transforms the column (7) into the vector of the form (8) where the diagonal element (9) The Householder vector can be computed by, (10) where and This block computation is same as that of previous Householder vector block with a little modification in the weight value. Householder matrix block: After obtaining the Householder vector, the output vector is given to the input of Householder matrix block. The computation of this block is very simple compared to previous method of Householder matrix block computing. The Householder matrix element algorithm is given below, (11) where It reduces the channel matrix to its upper triangular form in steps. To reduce the complexity of computing Q, here the output vector y’ has been taken directly and its algorithm is given below, (12) So the execution time for computing the upper triangular matrix and output vector is very less when compared to conventional Householder reflection algorithm. This reduces the hardware area for the Householder matrix block. The QR decomposition using modified Householder transformation algorithm is simulated by taking ‘a’ as input channel matrix, ‘zb’ as output vector and ‘upper’ as upper triangular matrix. The unitary or orthogonal matrix ‘Q’ need not to be calculated. The output vector in (3) can be computed from the updated Householder vector ‘v’. Also the extra time needed to calculate ‘Q’ can be reduced. So the speed of decomposing the channel matrix can be increased tremendously. 4. Results and Discussion QR decomposition algorithm is required as a pre-processing unit for many MIMO detectors. The accuracy of the channel matrix QR decomposition does not have an impact on the MIMO detection process and finally receiver’s bit-error-rate (BER) performance. The existing and proposed Householder algorithms are downloaded on to Xilinx device xc6vlx550tl-1Lff1759. The synthesis results are compared to show the area efficiency of the proposed one. The channel matrix H elements are represented in floating point representation of 16 bits comprising 1 for sign bit,3 bits for decimal part and 12 bits for fractional part. The 16 bit representation shows an numerical precision oscillates around the interval[10-6,10-5] for both existing and modified algorithms . The computation of column vectors of the R matrix can be parallelised in modified algorithm and thus improvement is obtained in computational time of 49.7% reduction.The computational time for proposed algorithm is about 194.84ns,whereas exisiting algorithm is about 394.56ns. Modified algorithm reduces the matrix computation into vector multilications for some extent and thus reduces the hardware area as obtained from the synthesis report. Table 3 Synthesis report for Conventional Householder algorithm Logic Utilization Used Available Slice LUTs 11142 343680 Bonded IOBs 768 840 BUFG/BUFGCTRL’S 0 32 DSP48E1s 261 864 Table 4 Synthesis report for Proposed Householder algorithm Logic Utilization Used Available Slice LUTs 7634 343680 Bonded IOBs 385 840 BUFG/BUFGCTRL’S 1 32 DSP48E1s 70 864 Table 5 Comparison result Logic Utilization Conventional HHT Proposed HHT % reduced Slice LUTs 11142 7634 31% LUT Flip flops 768 385 49.8% Bonded IOBs 0 1 DSP48E1s 261 70 73% 5. Conclusion To reduce the computational and hardware complexity, Householder transformation algorithm for QRD has been modified. The computation of Q is the tedious process in the existing algorithm. In this work, it can be overcome by directly computing output vector. It reduces the computation time by 52.38% and also reduce in hardware area compared to previous HHT algorithm (Slices – 31%, LUTs – 49.8%) presented in the QRD. Thus it is evident from the comparison result that the number of slices and 4 input LUTs required in FPGA implementation of QR Decomposition is reduced thereby making the low complex design which can meet the specifications of most OFDM communication systems, including VDSL, 802.16, DAB and DVB. In future, this work can be extended to implement K-best LSD and Turbo decoding of LTE receiver. References Lee, K.F. and Williams, D.B.: A space-frequency transmitter diversity technique for OFDM systems. In Proc. Global Telecommunications Conf., San Francisco, CA, pp. 1473-1477. (Nov. 2000) H. Kim, J. Kim, S. Yang, M. Hong, and Y. Shin, â€Å"An effective MIMO–OFDM system for IEEE 802.22 WRAN channels,† IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 821–825, Aug. 2008. H.-L. Lin, R. C. Chang, and H.-L. Chen, â€Å"A high speed SDM-MIMO decoder using efficient candidate searching for wireless communication,† IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 289–293, Mar. 2008. L. Boher, R. Rabineau, and M. Helard, â€Å"FPGA implementation of an iterative receiver for MIMO–OFDM systems,† IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 857–866, Aug. 2008. M.-S. Baek, Y.-H. You, and H.-K. Song, â€Å"Combined QRD-M and DFE detection technique for simple and efficient signal detection in MIMO–OFDM systems,† IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1632–1638, Apr. 2009. C. F. T. Tang, K. J. R. Liu, and S. A. Tretter, â€Å"On systolic arrays for recursive complex Householder transformations with applications to array processing,† in Proc. Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Process., 1991, pp. 1033–1036. K.-L. Chung and W.-M. Yan, â€Å"The complex Householder transform,† IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 2374–2376, Sep. 1997. S. Y. Kung, VLSI Array Processors. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, 1987.

Community Resettlement Following Residential Care

Community Resettlement Following Residential Care Promporn Dokphutsa Task 1 Explanation of Te Tiriti O Waitangi and its application in the social services Te Triti O Waitangi was signed on 6th February 1840 at Waitangi. It significant to maintain the benefits of Maori people who living in New Zealand. It is concluded 4 important principles which are partnership, protection, participation and permission. These 4 principles are the basic necessary needs for Maori in term of living and culture. Therefore, while Maori people get engage into any social services, it is responsible for social workers to be aware and make sure that Maori clients have been treated with appropriate services. Firstly, partnership refers to working together for agreed outcomes. A a social service organisations must ensure providing policies that the needs of Maori are taken into description when cooperating with Maori client and their family/ whanau. By building trust and rapport with Maori clients and their family/ whanau is the first thing to consider introducing yourself and getting to know more detail of clients by making friendship. As well as involve clients in every processes of care plan such as let them sign the contract to ensure health safety support and fully inform need to be used. Secondly, protection focuses on client’s privacy and safety. The social workers may following the Code of Rights and Code of Conducts to maintain client’s confidentiality while attending social service. As well as respect the right of Maori to enjoy their taonga in social service settings. To be able to make important decisions those are in their best interests. Thirdly, participation is focused on service accessibility for Maori to make sure that their needs are met by asking or allowing them to participate in their care plan until discharge from residential care. Also family/ whanau engagement at all levels of service is another way to practice participation principle. Lastly, permission is important for social workers to be considered while engaging to social service. Maori clients must be free to speak Te Reo Maori and participate in any Maori spiritual or culture practices. To sum up, 4 principles of Te Tiriti O Waitangi are using to maintain and promote Maori’s physical and mental well-being and safety. Therefore, social workers have to provide as much as possible resources for Maori clients to make sure they needs are met and bi-cultural perspective by following Te Tiriti. Task 2 Manage the intake process of a person discharged from residential care. Context setting Residential support to Adult(18-65yrs) with an intellectual disability Individual Group Summary of reason residential care was required SH Adult (23) A Maori lady is being discharged from a residential care after she has completed to 6 months stay. SH had diagnosed with Perthes Syndrome (Childhood disease of hip joint) since she was born. But when she is growing up she started showing challenging behaviour included physical and verbal aggression such as throwing, hitting, kicking, spitting, swearing and pinching. Therefore, her family/ whanau suggested transferring her to stay in the residential care facility to develop social skills and to be independent in her environment. Contribution to managing intake process Date Notes/ key of information provided to the person 01/03/14 Receiving and collecting information of SH. Receiving and recording referrals for a meeting. Contacted SH family/ whanau and other key people and gave them access to the information for the meeting. 02/03/14 Service co-ordinator, house leader, CSW, Mother, GP, caregiver and healthcare professional have a meeting regarding to the improvement of SH. 03/03/14 All parties were agreeable that SH is ready to go back to the community. Summary of information provided to the person regarding the role, function, services and legal responsibilities of the social worker and social service provider. The intake process helps to identify and assess a client’s current situation, issues and needs as well as to determine the most appropriate and effective means of helping the client. Social workers and social service provider have to concern about client’s safety and wellbeing first before making any decisions during the process of discharged. Therefore, gathering data (qualitative e.g. interview/ quantitative e.g. number) to get personal information of client is necessary. It could come from the client, family’ whanau, friends, health care professional or other keys people who relevant to the care plan. Also physical and mental wellness of client is important to make sure the client is ready to go back to the community independently. Intake and Assessment is a reverential, organized process of gathering personal information of either clients or clients’ caregivers in order to facilitate service providers as well as clients to make informed decisions about the provision of the programme and/ or services. Social service organisation should make sure that they have progress their own timeline for intake and assessment that suits their programmes which lead in safe environment and suitable for the client/client’s caregiver. Notes/ key points of how you completed intake procedures according to the discharge plan, legislation, ethical practice and in accordance with your workplace standards/ requirements. Roles and responsibilities As a social worker will need to create suitable and focused on working together with clients, taking into account individual differences and the cultural and social context of the clients situation such as understands the concepts of culture, class, race, ethnicity, spirituality, sex, age and disability. Allow client to participate in the processes by motivates and encourages participation. Assists clients to gain their self-determination over their own environments. Provides choices for the client, gives accurate information by which the client can best decide. In working with clients, the social worker uses her/his personal characteristics appropriately. May attends supervision to develop best practice. Written policy and procedure Admission criteria. Intake and Assessment procedures. Documents to be completed and retained. Procedures to follow when a client cannot be assisted /referring on. Information to be provided to clients. Legislation relevant to the organisation. Others notes/ reflections on the intake process. Client’s safety and wellbeing must be the first consideration of the social service provider before completed intake procedures according to the discharge plan. Task 3 Contributions to assisting the person to manage the transition from residence to the community Date Notes/ key points of any meeting or other communication details of actions related to assisting the person. 05/03/14 SH’s family/ whanau was consulted about the discharge from residential care facility. 06/03/14 Discuss with SH about her interests and goals. 08/03/14 Support SH in term of decision-making in her interests and being independence. How did the assistance you provided encourage self-determination and discourage dependency on the social service worker or social service provider? Respect the right of clients to self-determination and assist clients in their efforts to identify and clarify their goals. As well as giving an opportunity for clients to request and ask for their interests or needs, but always have to be considered about safety and wellbeing of client and people around. Social workers should use clear and fully inform clients of the purpose of the services, risks, limits to services, relevant costs, reasonable alternatives, clients’ right to refuse or withdraw consent, and the time frame covered by the agreement. Then, social service worker or social service provider has to be responsible to follow and review of client’s self-improvement after discharge from the residential care. What people did liaise with in the community and how did this assist parties to the plan to contribute to the person’s resettlement? Disability service agency is responsible to provide resources that suitable to the clients by following client’s needs and requests. Also assisting connects the client with plans and resources in order to help them cope. However, relevant factors may include client’s abilities, her resources, her needs, client’s goals, and identify what is important to the client, also any risk factors. What resources did you manage, and what arrangements needed to be made for the transition from residence to community? -Safety is the most important and first consideration for the social service provider to be aware and ensure client’s physical and mental is safe. -As a social service provider has to be aware of â€Å"client’s cultural needs† to practice as a Maori. As well as promoting spiritual practice to maintain client’s customs and beliefs. Additional, cultural assistance should be provided to avoid of cultural conflicts. -Disability needs of client is another factor to be considered. To ensure client is living in safety and friendly environment with her disability. And maintain physical comfort in her daily routine. -Health needs for client may assist by regular visited of health care professionals and assist her with medication needs. -Language and communication should be clear and understandable to client and her family/ whanau. Additional, interpreter may provide if needed. Other notes/ reflections on the transition to community As a social service provider makes sure the client is living in safe environment and surrounding with positive people and activities. Therefore, it may help client to improve her social skills and being independence in community. Task 4 Assist the person to resettle in the community following residential care Date Notes/ key points of any meetings or other communication details of actions related to the person 09/03/14 Provide choices and opportunities for SH in term of her interests. 10/03/14 Allow SH to make her decisions by ensure respectful and confidentiality. 11/03/14 Fully inform to SH family/ whanau regarding to her decisions. Then discuss how to provide service and make her needs to be met. How did you encourage self-determination and discourage dependency on the social service worker or social service provider? Encouraging self-determination: -Outlined agency’s objectives and appropriate legislations, backing up agency orders/kaupapa. Provided information and fully informed SH of the limitations and possibility of the meeting, and allowed her to define the best options and which issues I could help her with. Discouraging dependency on social services: -Allow SH to express her possible solutions and choose her own best options. -Where possible the agency would step away, so that SH could step up. -Allowed SH to figure out so called â€Å"emergencies†. How did you assist the person to identify requirements for life in the community, i.e. set aims and objectives? Organised first meeting to provide intake assessment and referral accepted. Then second meeting had set up to interview with SH to discuss her particular needs at this point in time. Ensure effective communication is being used and document her needs and prioritise what need to be done first into an action plan. Lastly, arrange the key persons who would be responsible to action each of the itemised needs. How did you assist the person to evaluate their participation in the community against their aims and objectives? Identify progress against plan and review. Then asked scaling questions as to where SH felt she was in agreement to her hopes and her interests. How did you assist the person to establish a community lifestyle that focused on both their safety and the safety of others? -We established community supports before her transition such as 24/7 emergencies call if need any help. -Educate basic skills to her family/whanau how to deal with her aggressive behaviour while she is living in the community. -We discussed goals that will motivate her to gain her social skills and make more friends. What progress against the discharge plan was achieved? Her mental health status was unstable, according to the Epilepsy. Therefore, her seizures are managed by medications and need to be observed by health care professionals at all time if possible. What further options (if any) were identified? It is important to note that staffs have to be familiar and consistent with client when giving her social services to avoid of challenging behaviour and accident that may happen. Other notes/ reflections on the re-setting of the person Avoid confrontations with client and do not say â€Å"NO† to her. Do not say â€Å"Don’t do that† try to say â€Å"First you do†¦ (Something she may not like to do), Then you can do†¦ (Something she like to do)†. Task 5 Application of social service theory Maori Model of Practice -Maori model of practice within utilised social work practise research and validated to provide best practise. -Maori models of practise have holistic approach -Wellness of whakapapa focus opposed to individual focus. For example -Te whare Tapa Wha (four cornerstones of Maori health) including: i.)Taha tinana (physical health): healthy eating, sleep, physical activities, safety awareness and proper hygine. ii.)Taha wairua (spiritual health): beliefs, culture religion. iii.)Taha hinengaro (mental health): positive thinking, positive behaviour and healthy lifestyle. iv.)Taha whanau (family health): emotional support, financial and responsibilities. Social work knowledge, skills and values (Te Kaiawhina Ahumahi 2000) was a useful resource for the social workers to be used as a guideline to work in appropriate way and proper practice while giving services to the clients. Social policy theory involves the study of the social relations necessary to promote human wellbeing and things that affect the kinds of life. It can be love and safety, a job and money. References: http://www.polity.co.uk/shortintroductions/samples/dean-sample.pdf http://workplacewellbeing.org.nz/mana-mahi-resource/workplace-wellbeing-guide-6-working-with-te-tiriti-o-waitangi/ http://www.hdc.org.nz/education/presentations/the-health-and-disability-commissioner-act-and-the-code-of-rights-and-methadone-treatment

Caring for a Dog :: Papers

Caring for a Dog It has long been said that a dog is a man's best friend and it has earned its right to be called that, and it will continue to occupy the place closest to man for another lot of years to come. Man's best friends come in many shapes, sizes, colours and textures because of thousands of years of evolution and breeding. The search engine that I used was www.google.co.uk and this is a screen shot of it. [IMAGE] There are a lot of different breeds of dogs; these are just a few examples and descriptions: * Bullmastiff Energy: 1 out 5 Exercise: 2 out 5 Watchdog: 5 out 5 Protection: 5 out 5 Grooming: 1 out 5 [IMAGE] The bullmastiff is gentle and quite, a devoted companion and guardian. It is not easily roused, but once threatened it is fearless. It is stubborn and cannot easily be goaded into action against its will. Some can be aggressive toward strange dogs, but it is generally good with other household dogs and pets. It is good with children, but it may not be playful enough to satifsfy some children. The Bullmastiff needs a firm but loving home. It is not for fragile or timid owners. * Chinese Foo Energy: 3 out 5 Exercise: submit opinion Watchdog: 4 out 5 Protection: 3 out 5 Grooming: submit opinion [IMAGE] Chinese Foo are bold and energetic. * [IMAGE]Catahoula Leopard They are very assertive and so would need quite a lot fo your attention to keep them entertained. * Dogue de Bordeaux Energy: 3 out 5 Exercise: submit opinion Watchdog: 3 out 5 Protection: 4 out 5 Grooming: submit opinion

Petty Lawsuits :: essays research papers

Are we Sueing for a Purpose? People today are not sueing to rectify matters. There is no purpose in lawsuits today. I believe everyone is out to get an easy buck through the judicial system. It is almost inevitable if people spill hot coffee on themselves that they will win a lawsuit against the company that served them that coffee. People believe that nothing is their fault and that someone (the defendant) should pay. The problem with the judicial system today is that people are sueing all the time and winning in court with ridiculous cases. Take this case in North Carolina for instance. A Dallas couple is sueing Kmart for $23 million dollars because some Kmart employees harassed and accused the Dallas couple of going through their garbage. The employees were fired and the Dallas couple sued for $23 million. Fortunately the couple didn’t receive all that money, there is a state law capping punitive damages which forced the judge to reduce it to $250 thousand dollars. The plaintiffs feel that they have been mistreated and that Kmart should reconcile with them by paying them off. The couple states at the end of court that â€Å"they believe us. That the most important thing, they believe us.† Obviously that is not the most important thing to them for they are trying to appeal the state law which caps their $23 million. And if that’s not greedy enough, the week before the jury awarded them $18,985 in compensatory damages. So the couple was awarded $268,985 for being accused over something as petty as going through a stores trash. Anyone can differentiate one fraudulent case from another. I understand that the Dallas couple is trying to clear their name from shame. But trying to appeal the already huge sum of money and going for more shows just how greedy these people really are. They got what they wanted, for the people to believe them. Everyone believes them now, and on top of that, they were awarded a nice some of money. There are people out there who really do deserve some kind of compensation for negligence, harassment, or anything else that might have gone wrong. For example, a Gastonia man who already has enough appeal to pity has yet another problem to deal with. He is a paraplegic who awoke to find a rat eating at his leg to the bone.

Oscar Wilde and the Aestheticism Movement Essay

The arts in addition to crafts movement was the main clause of reform design in the 19th century that describes the era of its greatest advancement, roughly between 1870 and 1920 (Campbell, 2006). The two major stylistic advancements of this movement’s philosophy are the Aesthetic Movement and Art Nouveau. Aesthetic Movement of the 19th century, according to Lambourne, (1996) is a movement that existed in the 1870s to 1880s, which made itself noticeable through the fine in addition to decorative arts and architecture in both Britain and the United States. Its influence in Europe was so great that it is had to describe. In response to what was perceived as evidence of philistinism in art and design, it was typified by the cult of beauty and as well an emphasis on the sheer pressure to de obtained from it (Lambourne, 1996). Championing of the aesthetic movement was done by the writers and critics Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Walter Patel (1839-94), and Charles Swinburne (1837-1909) (Campbell, 2006). These artists in conjunction with craftsmen of aesthetic movement sought to lift up the form of furniture, ceramics, wall papers, books, glass, textile and metalwork to the level of fine art. They tended to hold that Arts should offer purified sumptuous pleasure instead of conveying moral over-romantic messages. He was concerned with the impact of moralizing on art as a result of his view of art as a separate form of life (Gere and Hoskins, 2000). Wilde, in particular, did not agree to Ruskin and Arnold’s utilitarian view of art as something moral or helpful. He believed that art did not play educational role; it only needed to make beautiful statements. He argued that beauty is the only thing that cannot harm (Raby, 1988). Just like other aesthetes, Wilde denied the social value of literature and art. Wilde stated that the most important things in life are autonomy from moral fetters as well as the limitations of society (McDermott, 2007). Wilde was deeply concerned with the soul of man. This made him to constantly complain about poverty in is his work. Wilde, as McDermott, (2007) asserts, argued that the life of an artist is more important than any form of art that he/she develops He also noted that life itself is an art and that true artists present their lives as their finest productions (Raby, 1988). Wilde had used aesthetic decorations throughout his youth. He had devoted so evidently and uncompromisingly to living his art. He considered his own life as a form of art (Raby, 1988). Wilde together with other aesthetes established the cult of beauty, which they regarded as the principle factor in art. They took nature as rough and deficient in design when compared to art. They adopted the principle of art for arts sake and established art over everything else. Wilde, as Raby (1988) argues, set out to widen this principle to that of life for the sake of art. In oxford as indicated by Campbell (2006), Wilde astonished the religious dons with his inappropriate approach towards religion. He was also heckled at his weird clothes. The use of peacock feathers in addition to blue and white china typified the aesthetic interiors. Wilde gathered blue China as well as peacock feathers, which he decorated his room with and later on his velvet knee-breeches which attracted much attention. Wilde worked as a reviewer of art and conducted lecturers in the U. S and Canada (Raby, 1988). He had a luxurious taste for everything and, after conducting a series of lectures his listeners changed to a new set of standards for designing their homes (Lambourne, 1996). The amalgamation of Wilde’s exposure through the famous media in addition to the wealth of specialist furnishing as well as beautifying manuals assisted in simulating the public in the novel style. Manufacturers were also quick to take up the new trends in decorative styles (McDermott, 2007). Wilde created a series of discussions as well as essays that advanced his view on the supremacy of art. His views concerning art were basically chatty and positive. Wilde published lyrics along with poems in magazines from the time when he entered college. He included serious articles on parenting, politics and culture to his dialogues of fashion and arts. Wilde typified, through his own words, the response against the rudimentary primaries of a doubtless more reputable but definitely less cultivated era (McDermott, 2007). Most of Wilde’s work conformed to aesthetic principles. It revealed an over balance of curiosity in both subject and styles, and a response to the restriction of outward practical things (Gere and Hoskins, 2000). Philosophy of Esthetic Movement, as stated by Lambourne, (1996) was spread to the United States by William Morris. Wilde, as stated by Raby (1988), made a lecture tour of the United States in 1882. Despite the fact that he satirized for his effeteness and pomposity he increased awareness of the Aesthetic Movement. The highest profile figure of Aesthetic Movement was Oscar Wilde; he gave approval to himself as the center of an aesthetic experience that was to some extent exaggerated, absolutely exclusive as well as completely dedicated to the pursuit of art and beauty (Raby, 1988). Wilde was the spokesman for Aesthetic Movement through his excellent humor and conscious posing. He made himself a convenient vehicle through which the Aesthetic Movement was extensively advertised (Campbell, 2006). Wilde had an unwavering faith in his mission. He clearly stated that he had no fears regarding the future (Raby, 1988). Gere and Hoskins (2000) states that through Wilde’s presentation, aestheticism developed to a cult of artificiality. The popular plays produced by Wilde, according to Spektor (2009), were comedies of conduct that were closer to Restoration comedies than the Victorian plays. Until the time he was tried Wilde carried the Aesthetic Movement as an excellent performance piece, an approach that was supported by the British society, due to the fact that he never seemed to take himself too seriously. Wilde the aesthete introduced an experience for continental values and finally what Victorian society basically held to be continental profligacy (Raby, 1988). Much early criticism of aestheticism summed up the conventional Victorian move of calling Aesthetic Movement dissolute; both for its stress on art as an unethical venture and for its inflections of homosexuality (Spektor, 2009). Contemporary critics have tried to contextualize the aesthetic movement by considering literary, social, as well as artistic movements that resulted in aesthesis along with those that were later influenced by it. In the process, they have a propensity of primarily looking at its representations of sexuality and gender instead of on the form and qualities of the art under discussion. Paradoxically, the modern criticism almost at all times put both art as well as homosexuality back into the Victorian culture. This explains how cultural stance of aestheticism and its approaches about sexuality and gender were determined by the principles of the larger Victorian society (McDermott, 2007). Lambourne (1996) states that Wilde became one of the most celebrated playwrights of the late Victorian phase in Britain with a series of social satires. Wilde claimed to have taken a firm position in symbolic relation to the art and culture of the 19th century. Actually he manifested the conclusion of the novel sensibility which surfaced through the second half of the 19th century (Lambourne, 1996). Without Wilde the Aesthetic Movement of the 1880s and the Decadent Movement of the 1890s would not have been as famous as they came to be (Gere and Hoskins, 2000). Wilde’s personal life was subject to rumors. His years of success came to a dramatic end when his close relationship with Alfred Douglas resulted in his trial on charges of homosexuality which was by then illegal in Britain (Lambourne, 1996). Lambourne (1996) states that after being sentenced to a two year term imprisonment for homosexual activities, the period of British fashion history was successfully brought to an end until the revival of the male dandy after the Second World War It was until Walde’s trial that aestheticism, effeminacy and homosexuality came to be recognized as inextricably connected categories (Spektor, 2009). The trial of Wilde cemented an already developing link between effeminacy and homosexuality. Before the trials, aesthetes were infamous because of their effeminacy. However, it was taken as a product of the complex, upper-class standard of living they professed. Homosexuality was an issue alluded to in their work, but it was not evidently linked to effeminacy. It was after this trial that the radical type of the effete, effeminate and homosexuals became easily distinguishable to the public at large. Walde’s influence remains strongly in modern male fashion (Spektor, 2009). Reference: Campbell G. , (2006), The Grove encyclopedia of decorative arts, ISBN 0195189485 Oxford University Press US Gere C. , and Hoskins L. , (2000). The house beautiful: Oscar Wilde and the aesthetic interior, ISBN 0853318182 Lund Humphries Lambourne L. , (1996), The Aesthetic Movement, ISBN 0714830003: Phaidon McDermott C. , (2007), Design: the key concepts, ISBN 041532016X: Routledge Raby P. , (1988), Oscar Wilde, ISBN 0521260787: CUP Archive Spektor N. , (2009), â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† and the Aesthetic Movement in England at the Turn of the Century, ISBN 3640319567: GRIN Verlag

Investigating the changing effects of temperature

Investigating the effects of changing temperature on the activity of enzymes Background information: Renin is an enzyme that catalyses the coagulation of milk. It is found in the stomach of many animals and is used in making cheeses and Junkets. It is found in the gastric juices or gastric mucosa of many mammals, including humans. In the human stomach, particularly those of infants, rennin works to curdle milk so that pepsin, another stomach enzyme, can further breakdown the proteins into absorbable amino acids called polypeptides.The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of changing temperature on the activity of enzymes. After experimentation the optimum temperature for enzyme activity will be established and the effects of varing temperature will be identified. Several experiments have already been conducted testing similar hypothesis and aims. All of these experiments also had very similar results. They found that approximately 370C was the optimal temperature for r ennin; it was at this temperature that the milk solidified quickest.Below that the reaction would occur far more slowly, sometime taking hours to complete, sometimes not reacting at all. Above 370C, at approximately 450C, the enzyme would become enatured and the reaction would never occur, even after the temperature was lowered back down to 370C. 1 Aim: To investigate the reaction rate of the enzyme rennin at various temperatures Hypothesis: It is predicted that a rise in temperature (to approximately 400C) will increase enzyme activity.Wth further increase of temperature the protein enzymes will denature, lose their shape and therefore decrease in activity. Risk assessment: Risk Precaution Burns from the hot water bath or hot plate Ensure that all hot baths are set up in a visible area that is surrounded by minimal movement. If burns occur run affected area under cold water for 5-10 minutes depending on severity. Major burns should seek medical assistance Glass breakage can cause c uts/wounds Use test tube rack to steady test tubes.If glass breakage occurs immediately alert teacher, sweep up broken glass using a broom or dust pan and dispose of it in the appropriate bin Apparatus: Equipment Rationale 1 hot plate Heats water in hot bath for raising temperatures of milk and rennin above 300C 1 hot bath holds water which is heated by not plate 1 ice bath (500mL beaker + 6-7 ice cubes) Cools milk and rennin for testing temperatures below 300C regular test tubes Holds the 20mLs of milk required for each trial 3 micro test tubes Holds the small amount of rennin required 1 test tube rack Holds regular sized test tubes in place so handling does not influence reaction 20mL of milk Acts as substrate 2mL of rennin solution Acts as enzyme for milk 1 large pipette Gives precise measurment of milk 1 syringe Gives precise measurement of rennin 2 thermometers Measures temperature of milk and rennin when they are heated or cooled 1 timer Measures time taken for milk to set Met hod: Constant Variables Factor Importance Method of control Volume of milk The amount of milk determines the amount of substrate the enzyme has to work on which therefore effects the reaction rate. Keeping a constant amount of milk for each trial. Use Pipette Volume of rennin The amount of enzymes determines the amount of chemical reactions possible to occur. Keeping a constant amount of enzymes for each trial- Iml per every 10ml of substrate. Use a syringe Rennin and milk brought to the same testing temperature Temperatures must be constant for both substances to ensure accuracy when they are mixed.Place each substance in a hot or cold water bath with thermometers in their test tubes. Remove from water bath when the same temperature has been reached Same time recorder Timing must be accurate. With the same person reaction rate to press go and stop would be similar for each trial. Have the same time recorder for every trial possible Same setting standard A setting standard must be d etermined to make timing of reaction rate accurate. Make a class decision on what is classified as set Standerdized thermometers To ensure accurate temperature readings Ensure all thermometers are standardized before experimentation Type of milk- from the same container Different types of milk may influence enzyme activityUse the same milk for each trial Type of Junket- from the same container Different types of rennin may influence enzyme activity Use the same rennin for each trial Whether the solutions should be stirred or not A stirred or shaken solution may speed up reaction rate because more enzyme collisions would occur and faster Make a class decision on whether to shake/stir mixture or keep it still 1 . Measure 20mls of milk using the pippette and release it into a regular test tube 2. Measure 2mls of rennin using the syringe and release it into a micro test tube 3. Place thermometers in both test tubes ensuring that the rennin does not overflow 4. Fill a 500ml beaker with 2 50ml of water and 6-7 ice cubes 5. Place both test tubes in the ice bath 6.Watch both thermometers until they reach OOC 7. Pour the rennin solution into the test tube of milk. Begin timing as soon as all the rennin is poured into the milk 8. Shake the test tube slighlty to mix the rennin and milk together 9. Stop the timer once precipitate has formed or the milk has completely solidified 10. Repeat steps 1-9 using various other temperatures Note: use a hot plate and hot water bath when testing temperatures above 300C Results: Temperature ( C) Average time taken for milk to set (min) No reaction – did not set 10 5min + 20 4:42 4:37 1. 29 50 1. 48 70 Discussion: When temperatures were either very low or very high enzyme activity did not occur or was minimal.This is because cooler temperatures decrease the amount of kinetic energy within the enzyme molecules. If there is not a substantial amount of kinetic energy, enzyme molecules are unable to collide with their substrate which therefore prevents reaction from occurring. Because enzymes are proteins when temperatures were too high the enzymes denatured, lost their structure and shape, making their active sites no longer complementary to their substrate's. At temperatures around 40-50C enzyme activity rapidly increased and the milk set under two minutes. This temperature range is therefore the optimum temperature for enzyme activity because enzymes obtain substantial amounts of kinetic energy and do not become denatured.Accuracy was not constant throughout the experiment as small amounts of rennin were lost everytime a thermometer was placed in the micro test tube. Some milk was also lost when the rennin was added to it and the test tube was shaken. This may have affected the reaction rate of the enzymes. It was very difficult to calculate the exact temperature t which the enzyme and substrate were mixed because their temperatures dropped or rose rapidly when they were removed from the hot or cold baths. T his further affected the accuracy of the experiment as temperatures tested were not exact. Repeated trials of the same temperature all had similar results which made the averages precise.There were no outliers so averages were not too high or too low. If an outlier occurred during experimentation because of known reasons the trial was tested again. Each temperature was tested three times making the experiment reasonably reliable however different groups tested each temperature which may ave affected the reaction times recorded because of different perceptions about setting points and the speed of the persons timing. The limitations of this experiment were therefore caused by human error To prevent errors during experimentation more caution should have been taken when: mixing and shaking substances, recording the reaction rate, interpretation of setting time and the handling of test tubes.When shaking and handling the test tubes a stopper should have been used to prevent loss of mixt ure and exposure of heat from the person's hands. Timing should have been conducted by the same person for every trial however this would ave taken far too long. Interpretation of setting time should have been clearly explained or demonstrated before conducting the experiment. The results of this experiment correlated closely to research undertaken about the effects of changing temperature on enzymes. This therefore made the practical more valid and reliable. Most constant variables were followed and monitored precisely which further added to the fairness of experimentation.A few constant variables that may have been affected by human error were the temperatures at which the substances were brought to, the volume of rennin and the perceptions of the milks setting point, lthough the same instructions were given to all students . Conclusion: Enzyme activity therfore increases as temperatures increase to their optimum temperature (37-450C). Once temperatures exceed the optimum temperat ure the enzymes denature (lose their shape) and become inactive.

Comparison and Contrast of “The Most Dangerous Game” and “The Child by Tiger” Essay

Thesis: In these two stories we observe some of man’s darker nature. We observe two seemingly normal people with dark sides to each of them and will explain how each one is similar and also very different from one another. I. The protagonist, General Zaroff is the main focus of the essay, because of his darker nature and his motivations. A. At first, General Zaroff comes off as welcoming and kind in nature for taking Rainsford in. He gives Rainsford food, clothing and shelter after being lost at sea. B. The man explains to Rainsford that he has been a hunter his whole life and is good at what he does, but he has grown bored of hunting animals. C. He then comes to conclusion that he hunts man because of their strength, courage, and reason. D. Eventually he then forces Rainsford to participate in the game as Zaroff’s game. E. In the end, Rainsford finds his way back to the house and kills Zaroff, leaving him a s â€Å"food for the hounds† II. In the story, â€Å"The Child by Tiger†, Dick Prosser is the main character of the story. A. At first the story comes of praising Dick, almost making him seem perfect. He is a â€Å"deeply religious man† that was very talented in the things he did, and the Shepperton family believed there was nothing he could not do. B. He seems kind at first willing to help in any way he can with the family. Although, throughout the story they explain that there is something off about him. How he moves quietly like a cat, and even though he was deeply religious it seemed very dark and strange. The motivations are unclear from the character and almost unpredictable from the beginning of the story. C. The town wakes up in a panic one night, with word going around that Dick Prosser is on a rampage and has killed several people. D. Town starts a mob that tracks him down through the woods and past the creek. He kills a few more men and runs out of ammunition. He then throws his gun to the side and moves towards the creek. E. The mob shoots him down, over 300 times according to a man who is boasting about it later on in the story. III. General Zaroff and Dick Prosser are both similar in that they both had come off as seemingly normal people, and yet they both had a dark and twisted side to the both of them. A. Dick Prosser comes off as a gentle soul who the children of the Shepperton all trust and gives off the belief that he is a good person. B. General Zaroff at first comes off as a normal man who likes to live in solitude and enjoys the finer things, even being warm and welcoming by inviting Rainsford into his home. IV. They differ more than they compare, even though they both share the same twisted, dark nature. A. General Zaroff seems to live in almost his own mind where he has convinced himself that hunting other human beings as being completely normal. It has become an exciting game and there is nothing that you can see about him that has â€Å"snapped† or has â€Å"gone crazy† He simply wants to hunt something more exciting, whether it is morally wrong. B. Dick Prosser is a colored servant for a white family back in the set time where everything is very racially segregated. He works for a wealthy white family and seems to come off as a goodhearted man who is of good use to the family. Then one night it seems as though he has â€Å"snapped† and unleashes his inner demons on the town, killing many innocent victims. At the end, when the Sheppertons’ go into his room and find the chapter that he has left the Bible on shows that this was most likely pre-meditated. V. In conclusion, although both character came from two different backgrounds and the stories were both very different, they were alike in the fact that they both had darker sides of them that had been unleashed. A. Both stories portray how easy it is for mankind to be dark in nature and to become something monstrous. B. Whether it be planned and turned into a game or on a whim of the dark demons inside of them letting out, they both lived lives of corruption, which in turn, led to their inevitable deaths. Thesis: These two stories show the darker side of human nature, and although someone can seem perfectly normal, they may have a darker side to them that no one would ever expect. In the two stories, â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and â€Å"The Child by Tiger†, these two seemingly normal men come off as almost kind hearted and good natured people in the beginning of both stories. Later on, we realize that this is not so, and these two both have more in common than they are different. General Zaroff seems to be very hospitable and helps a man in need when Rainsford comes to his door after being lost at sea. He takes him into his home and feeds him, gives him clothing, and a nice comfortable place to sleep in. In the other story, Dick Prosser comes off as a kind and gentle man who the Shepperton’s claimed was their â€Å"best negro man they’d ever had.† In the beginning of the story, it seems that they have nothing negative to say about him and â€Å"there is little that Dick Prosser could not do.† Dick would teach the boys of the family how to play football or would teach them other handy things, coming off as a role model to the children. Dick Prosser was also a deeply religious man and would read his Bible every day, the children started to notice something odd about him. The way he moved was very quiet and unnoticed, and although he was religious, there was something dark and strange about it. General Zaroff explains to Rainsford that hunting big game animal has become boring to him and he wanted something more exciting of a hunt for him. As he goes on explaining his new quarry, Rainsford discovers that Zaroff is talking about hunting humans. Zaroff explains it is exciting because humans have â€Å"courage, cunning, and reason.† They can think logically and make it a harder hunt for Zaroff, thus far making it more exciting. He then tells Rainsford he want him to be his new quarry and gives him a three hour head start for the hunt. Throughout the three days of hunting down Rainsford he comes across three different types of traps that Rainsford has tried setting up to trap him. Each one fails to trap General Zaroff, but he finds this more amusing then anything and throughout the story he seems to enjoy these traps more because they make it a more exciting game for him. In the story his dark nature is revealed at the beginning with his conversation with Rainsford. The moment Rainsford figures out what Zaroff is speaking about, you see that there is something much darker about him. He is not the normal hunter with good hospitality skills that the story first initiates. He is now a twisted and dark murderer who finds amusement out of hunting down human beings. Throughout the story, Dick Prosser starts coming off as more increasingly strange and almost scary as it progresses. A man in the village hits the Sheppperton’s car and angrily punches Dick in the face. Everyone notices his eyes turn red but he does not hit him back. The gun that he warns the children not to speak about until Christmas morning sends off another warning sign that something is not right. Why would he be wanting to hide that from the family if there was an innocent reasoning behind it? When the sirens go off in the village and everyone is awoken to the warnings that Dick Prosser is on a murderous rampage, the town starts to panic. By that time in the story he is claimed to have already killed six people. The town forms angry mob that chases him down to the creek. Eventually, they catch up to him and he has run out of bullets. He then calmly walks down to the creek, takes off his shoes and sets them aside and gets down on his knees. The mob of angry men shoot him well over three hundred times even though the first shot had likely killed him immediately. Both of these men share the characteristics that they each had a darker, more evil side to them then first expected. The differences between them is that General Zaroff simply had grown bored and wanted something more exciting to hunt. Out of his own selfish needs for entertainment he had decided to start killing human beings for sport. Dick Prosser is a little harder to understand. At first he seems like an all-around good Christian man who wants nothing more than to be of great help to the family. It’s hard to say whether he did it because he had it planned all along from the beginning and he was more evil than good, or if he had simply snapped after a buildup of emotions and went on a murderous rampage. In the story, after running out of bullets, he takes his shoes off and sets them neatly aside, then stands up and accepts his fate. It seemed like this was his plan all along, to do his evil deed then go out with his religious mindset. The family later on finds the Bible left open on Psalm 23:4, â€Å"Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. Whether he believes that God would have been forgiving of him after what he had done is a mystery. Both of these stories portray that as humans we have a good and evil side and if that balance is upset and evil takes over it can have terrible outcomes. Both of these characters chose the evil side of their good and evil balance and because they lived their lives in corruption, it resulted in their inevitable death. Resources Connell, R. (1924) â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† Wolfe, T. (1937) â€Å"The Child by Tiger†