Monday, May 11, 2020

The Arab Americans And Muslim Americans Essay - 1923 Words

Introduction More Than Muslim The current view of Arab-Americans and Muslim-Americans has been misconstrued by the media leading to extreme contempt towards these groups of people. Most Arab Americans have been generalized as Muslim extremists or refugees, when in fact this is not the case. This paper will explain how these people became a â€Å"group of interest†, depict what kind of people make up the Arab American population, parallel refugees and terrorists to expose common misconceptions of Arab-Americans, explain the sects of Muslim religion and its values, and finally conclude with why this matters to the American education system and my own personal reflection on my research. Part One: Contemporary/Historical Issues In contemporary American society Arab Americans are perceived as Muslim immigrants whose intentions are tied to terrorist groups, when in fact 35% of Muslim Americans are native born here in America, (Moule, 2012, p. 315). In addition, 60% convert to Islam later in life and only 40% are born Muslim, (Moule, 2012, p. 315). The misconstrued view of Arab and Muslim Americans began in part with the tragedy on September 11, 2001 when the Twin Towers collapsed. Following this event the media exploited the Islamic culture and anyone tied to it. Tragedy continued with the Iraq War in 2003, a civil war that continues to plague the country and its borders. It is also important to understand the difference between Muslim Americans and Arab Americans. Arab Americans canShow MoreRelatedArab and Muslim Americans777 Words   |  4 PagesArabs and Muslim Americans Andrew J. Ayers ETH/125 April 11, 2011 Teresa Edge Arabs and Muslim Americans What distinguishes African American Muslims from other practicing Muslims in the United States today? * Arabs are an ethnic group. * Muslims are a religious group. * Islam is the faith, like Christianity. * Muslim is a believer of that religion, like a Christian. * You cannot accurately identify the Muslims by nationality alone. * Just because you are Arab doesRead MoreThe Life Of An American Muslim Arab1941 Words   |  8 Pagesof an American Muslim Arab Arabs in general are struggling all around the world, and currently the biggest concern is the Israeli and Palestinian conflict. This conflict is quite a crazy conflict. The Israeli and Palestinian conflict led to the billions of Palestinian refugees to flee to the United States in hope to find a better place that they could or eventually call home. The American media does not appreciate that Arabs are in America and are trying to make it hard on Muslims and Arabs to surviveRead MoreThe United States, Arab, Muslim, And Middle East1503 Words   |  7 Pagesof the non-white â€Å"Other†. As seen through the downward mobility of Arab, Muslim, and Middle-Eastern Americans- who had originally been granted access to the privileges of whiteness- after being identified collectively as a threat to the expansion and success of the US empire, Arab, Muslim, and Middle-Eastern Americans began to be racialized as part of the non-white â€Å"Other† even before 9/11. Media represent ations of Arab, Muslim, and Middle Eastern communities outside the borders of the United StatesRead MoreCauses of Psychological Trauma and Its Effects on Young Arab Americans Post 9/111066 Words   |  5 Pagesincidents prior the terrorist attacks were 28. In the immediate year after 9/11, 481 incidents were reported against the Muslims and Arabs(FBI 2002). The hate crime statistics of FBI conforms a staggering increase of 1617 percent in such a short period of time. The Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) reported that over 700 violent incidents were ruthlessly targeted against Arab Americans within the first 9 weeks after the 9/11(Ibish 2003). These incidents included physical violence, death threats, harassmentRead More Arab and Muslims and Stereotypical labels in Movies1047 Words   |  4 Pagesmany accounts we see. Arab and Muslims have been given stereotypical labels and have been looked upon as the monster for many years even before the September 11th attacks. Film aft er film you see many incidents were there is someone doing a terrorist act and people look at these and start to believe this is how things actually are. The power the media has is unbelievable and over they years you can see they have used there power to increase stereotypes of Arab Americans. Arabs are represented in HollywoodRead MoreThe Muslim Community1163 Words   |  5 PagesThe Muslim community has faced many microassaults, microinsults, and microinvalidations in America. The microassaults reflect the conscious discrimination about a population. Many of the microassaults consisted of people stating that Arabs or Middle Eastern citizens are terrorists. Because of September 11, 2011, many have condemned one group of citizens as the reason for war in America. The microinsults consisted of every Muslim that comes to an airport being required to be checked, in hopes of safetyRead MoreNursing Care for the Arab Culture Essay1228 Words   |  5 Pagespaper will discuss the Arab cu lture and focus mainly on what to do and not to do as a nurse rendering care to an Arab patient. Keywords: culture, holistic, Arab Nursing Care for the Arab Culture In any case, providing competent care to a patient of a different culture must first start with an understanding of the culture itself (Potter Perry, 2011). Culture is not limited to race and ethnicity (Khalifa, 2012). Matusiak (2013) references the U.S. government definition of Arab persons as â€Å"those whoRead MoreThe Effects Of Hate Crimes Against Muslims978 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience of Muslims who lived in America in 2001 and those who were yet to come here would never be the same again. After 9/11, the number of hate crimes against Muslims in the United States increased and their everyday lives changed forever due to the rise of islamophobia and the vicious influence of the American media. The number of hate crimes against Muslims in the United States went up after the 9/11 attacks and it remains a huge problem today. According to Disha, â€Å"the numbers of anti-Muslim hateRead MoreThe World Of The United States Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pages2016 there are 3.3 million Muslims that make up the total U.S. population. American Muslims come from all different backgrounds including converts from other religions and ethnicities other than Arabian. The U.S. Census Bureau does not ask religious affiliation so there is no official government count of the U.S. Muslim population. However, The Pew Research Center estimates that the total Muslim population will double by 2050 (Mohamed). The presence of American Muslims dates back more than 400 yearsRead More Arabs in the Media: Victim or Villain? Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesArabs in the Media: Victim or Villain?   Ã‚  Ã‚   For decades, the media portrayal of the Arab culture and Islam has contributed to a skewed public opinion in America. Looking closely at the news coverage concerning the Middle East and the United States, there is an inherent media bias against Arabs and Muslims as foreign threats to domestic security. Stephen Franklin argues that Islamic nations are often portrayed in news reports as uniformly intolerant and anti-democratic (Franklin 17). Unfortunately

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

To understand changing perspectives we must first look at change itself Free Essays

To understand changing perspectives we must first look at change itself. Not all change is progress, whether it be large or small. People change over time, it maybe age, experience, understanding or maturity that causes this change. We will write a custom essay sample on To understand changing perspectives we must first look at change itself or any similar topic only for you Order Now As people change so does their perspective, of others, of life or themselves. This is expressed through my chosen texts, Looking For Alibrandi, Bend it like Beckham and Sky high. Bend it like Beckham follows the story of Jess Barah who lives in a traditional Indian family whose dream is to play soccer professionally, except Jess’s ambitions are supressed by her parents expectations of her living a traditional Indian life. As the film develops we learn Jess’s father’s past reflects his attitude – that is, due to their ethnic background, Jess will be an outcast. Just as Nonna Alibrandis’s past influences her attitudes. It is only at the end of Bend it like Beckham that Jess’s father changes and allows her to play soccer. He changes his perspective to , that her happiness is more important, as the actor who played Jess’s father said â€Å"If you try – you risk failing, if you don’t – you ensure it†. This is the same sort of attitude that Jess’s father adopts. Jess’s parents change as they begin to understand her reasoning. This is the same with Josie as she changes her perspective of her Nonna when she starts to understand her Nonna’s past. During the period of time we look at Josie she changes as she experiences situations, such as John Barton’s death. She is able to look at this and realise that not everything is as it seems from the outside. She recognises that money social standing may in fact not be, the be all and end all. In sky high the young girl is looking back at her past and now she has changed over time. Swinging on the clothes line is no longer fun and exciting as she has experience life. Maturity means that she can’t be free as she once was as she comments â€Å"The earth spins below me. I am flying. This is similar to Jess in the film as she was once young and free to do as she pleased, but no she is tied down by her parents. In Sky High the first 5 paragraphs talk about the childhood, then it suddenly jumps to the 6th where she talks of how she is older and has changed. This sudden jump shows the extreame change that although would have happened slowly over time, the realisation of the change was sudden. The 5 paragraphs build up this image in the readers mind, then in the last paragraph our perspective changes from a fairy tale like conquest of the clothes line to the harsh reality of the situation. In Bend it like Beckham, we are given the picture of the traditional Indian lifestyle and ideals in Jess’s house. This is then compared to the modern outside world of soccer, where the gender roles and expectations are totally different. The use of juxtaposition shows the viewer just how traditional and perhaps even extreme parent views really are. Jess in Bend it like Beckham has shown me that change doesn’t always happen easily. It was only due to herpersistance and extreme different attitudes compared to her parents that enabled Jess’s parents to change. The film uses younger characters to show the changing gender roles in society. We can see that in soccer and Jess’s community the issue of gender changes to being less relevant. By using these younger characters, many people are able to relate to them, being young now or were once young. Looking For Alibrandi also uses this technique. In the book we are told of everything through Josie. This enables us to experience change as Josie does. When we look at the start of the book and then the end, we can see a significant change, although following the book through we only see a gradual change. As the reader experiences change through Josie, they are able to relate to her. Another technique that Looking For Alibrandi uses is that we aren’t told of Nonna’s past until late in the book. We are give Josie’s perspective, that her Nonna is just a ‘ vain old women ‘. This perspective is built up and then when Josie discovers her past we are suddenly exposed to a new perspective and new understanding. Sky High has developed my understanding of change as it has shown how change can occur very suddenly. It has supplemented with Looking for Alibrandi in that time and experience lead to change. Sky High shows a negative type of change, as this girl is no longer able to let go and this has reinforced my understanding that not all change is progress. Examining Looking for Alibrandi in this context has changed my perspective of the characters. It has shown me how change occurs through understanding, and understanding means we have knowledge, therefore the power or choice to change. Every one has the ability to change. How to cite To understand changing perspectives we must first look at change itself, Papers

Thursday, April 30, 2020

The Fame by Lady Gaga free essay sample

It seems that everyone is either a lover or a hater. Some people label her as an attention-seeking freak while others flock to her concerts to watch her outrageous performances. Personally Im a Little Monster all the way and I think shes awesome. While some of todays music is horrible, Lady Gaga opens up and puts so much emotion into her music. For anyone who has doubts, just listen to her live. Her voice is so powerful that everthing sounds amazing. Some of her videos are a little strange, and sometimes she really is kind of weird. She just puts so much into singing and playing piano though. If you still dont believe me watch any videos of her live online. Another thing about Lady Gaga is that she always stresses how important it is to be yourself. She sends out a really good message. While I realize that this might not be everybodys favorite kind of music, you have to admit that she wont be going anywhere anytime soon. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fame by Lady Gaga or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Saturday, March 21, 2020

Biography of José Hernández, Former NASA Astronaut

Biography of Josà © Hernndez, Former NASA Astronaut Josà © Hernndez (born August 7, 1962) overcame enormous barriers to become one of the few  Latinos to serve as an astronaut for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Raised in a family of field workers, he nevertheless found support for his dreams and achieved his goal of space flight. Hernndez occasionally found himself in the midst of controversy because of his outspoken positions regarding Latin culture and immigration to the United States. Fast Facts: Josà © M. Hernndez Known For: Former NASA astronautBorn: August 7, 1962, in French Camp, CaliforniaParents: Julia Hernndez,  Salvador HernndezEducation:  University of the Pacific, University of California, Santa BarbaraAwards and Honors:  Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Award (1995), Society of Mexican American Engineers and Scientists Medalla de Oro (1999), U.S. Department of Energy  Outstanding Performance Commendation (2000), NASA Service Awards (2002, 2003), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Outstanding Engineer Award (2001)Spouse: Adelita HernandezChildren: Antonio, Vanessa, Karina, JulioPublished Works: Reaching for the Stars: The Inspiring Story of a Migrant Farmworker Turned AstronautNotable Quote: Now its my turn! Early Life Josà © Hernndez was born  on August 7, 1962, in French Camp, California. His parents Salvador and Julia were Mexican immigrant migrant workers. Each March, Hernndez, the youngest of four children, journeyed with his family from Michoacn, Mexico, to Southern California. Picking crops as they traveled, the family would then proceed north to Stockton, California. When Christmas approached, the family would head back to Mexico before returning to the U.S. in the spring.  He remarked in an interview for the NASA website, â€Å"Some kids might think it would be fun to travel like that, but we had to work. It wasn’t a vacation.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ At the urging of a second-grade teacher, Hernndez’s parents eventually settled in the Stockton area of California to provide their children with more structure. Despite being born in California, the Mexican-American Hernndez did not learn English until he was 12 years old. Aspiring Engineer In school, Hernndez enjoyed math and science. He decided he wanted to be an astronaut after watching the Apollo spacewalks on television. Hernndez was also drawn to the profession in 1980, when he found out that NASA had picked Costa Rican native Franklin Chang-Diaz, one of the first Hispanics to journey into space, as an astronaut. Hernndez said in a NASA interview that he, then a high school senior, still remembers the moment he heard the news. â€Å"I was hoeing a row of sugar beets in a field near Stockton, California, and I heard on my transistor radio that Franklin Chang-Diaz had been selected for the Astronaut Corps. I was already interested in science and engineering, but that was the moment I said, ‘I want to fly in space.’† After he finished high school, Hernndez studied electrical engineering at the University of the Pacific in Stockton. From there, he pursued graduate studies in engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Although his parents were migrant workers, Hernndez said they prioritized his education by making sure he completed his homework and studied consistently. â€Å"What I always say to Mexican parents, Latino parents is that we shouldn’t spend so much time going out with friends drinking beer and watching telenovelas, and should spend more time with our families and kids...challenging our kids to pursue dreams that may seem unreachable,† Hernndez said in a controversial interview with the Los Angles Times. Breaking Ground, Joining NASA Once he completed his studies, Hernndez landed a job with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 1987. There, he engaged in work with a commercial partner that resulted in the creation of the first full-field digital mammography imaging system, used to spot breast cancer in its first stages. Hernndez followed his groundbreaking work at Lawrence Laboratory by closing in on his dream of becoming an astronaut. In 2001, he signed on as a NASA materials research engineer at Houston’s Johnson Space Center, helping with Space Shuttle and International Space Station missions. He went on to serve as the Materials and Processes Branch chief in 2002, a role he filled until NASA selected him for its space program in 2004. After applying for 12 straight years to enter the program, Hernndez was at long last headed to space. After undergoing physiological, flight, and water and wilderness survival training as well as training on Shuttle and International Space Station systems, Hernndez completed Astronaut Candidate Training in February 2006. Three-and-a-half years later, Hernndez journeyed on the STS-128 shuttle mission, during which he oversaw the transfer of more than 18,000 pounds of equipment between the shuttle and the International Space Station and helped with robotics operations, according to NASA. The STS-128 mission traveled more than 5.7 million miles in just under two weeks. Immigration Controversy After Hernndez returned from space, he found himself at the center of controversy. That’s because he commented on Mexican television that from space he enjoyed seeing the Earth without borders and called for comprehensive immigration reform, arguing that undocumented workers play an important role in the U.S. economy. His remarks reportedly displeased his NASA superiors, who were quick to point out that Hernndez’s views did not represent the organization as a whole. â€Å"I work for the U.S. government, but as an individual, I have a right to my personal opinions,† Hernndez said in a follow-up interview with the Los Angeles Times. â€Å"Having 12 million undocumented people here means there’s something wrong with the system, and the system needs to be fixed.† Beyond NASA After a 10-year run at NASA, Hernndez left the government agency in January 2011 to serve as executive director for Strategic Operations at aerospace company MEI Technologies Inc. in Houston. â€Å"Josà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s talent and dedication have contributed greatly to the agency, and he is an inspiration to many,† said Peggy Whitson, chief of the Astronaut Office at NASA’s Johnson Space Center. â€Å"We wish him all the best with this new phase of his career.† Sources Connelly, Richard. â€Å"Jose Hernandez, Astronaut Who Sparked Immigration Controversy, Retires from NASA.†Ã‚  Houston Press, 18 Jan. 2019.Dunbar, Brian. â€Å"Meet NASAs Future Explorer - Jose Hernandez.†Ã‚  NASA.NASA. â€Å"Astronaut Jose Hernandez Leaves NASA.†Ã‚  PR Newswire, 30 June 2018.Wall, Mike. â€Å"Migrant Farmer-Turned-Astronaut Jose Hernandez Leaves NASA.†Ã‚  Space.com, 17 Jan. 2011.Wilkinson, Tracy. â€Å"Mexican American Astronaut Isnt Changing Course on Immigration Stand.†Ã‚  Los Angeles Times, 17 Sept. 2009.

Thursday, March 5, 2020

Italian Book Club Linguality - Parallel Text

Italian Book Club Linguality - Parallel Text Reading Italian literature can be demanding for non-native speakers. Frequently referring to a dictionary becomes tedious, and, unless you wear blinders, resorting to the parallel-text version (Italian and English side-by-side) of a particular work becomes an exercise in futility as you try to avert your eyes from the English translation. With the constant safety net of an English translation just a glance away, its difficult to commit your brain to the exclusive task of absorbing Italian. Fortunately, theres a new way to read recently published Italian fiction and nonfiction almost as effortlessly as reading books in English- the Linguality Italian Book Club. Italian Literature? Ma, Oui!Linguality, based in Cambridge, MA, was founded by a team with extensive experience in foreign-language publishing, university teaching, and pedagogical research. Linguality’s French Book Club debuted in 2007 and quickly earned accolades from readers and language experts alike. Six times a year, contemporary French books are republished with an English introduction, extensive English glossaries, and author interviews in French on audio CD. Given the success of that venture, the company decided to branch out, and launched an Italian Book Club. No Dictionary RequiredThe innovation in Lingualitys Italian Book Club series is the format. The original foreign-language text is placed on every right-hand page, and an extensive English glossary, on the opposite page, allows readers to see the definition of bolded words in context. When the first selection was released, Walter Veltroni, renowned Italian author, journalist, former Italian Minister of Cultural Heritage, and former mayor of Rome, proclaimed that: Its the literary equivalent of a subtitled movie! In fact, the glossary entries act more like turbocharged subtitles, boosting readers comprehension and vocabulary. Typically there are over 2,000 entries per book defining every difficult word and expression, eliminating the need for a dictionary. As Lingualitys publisher, Wes Green, says: ...a non-fluent speaker doesnt need a complete translation...or a dictionary. He or she just opens the book and starts reading in the foreign language. Italian Book Club Membership Has PrivilegesAnother advantage of the Linguality Italian Book Club is that all books are complete, unedited texts- the original version that native Italians read too. Subscribers also receive an audio CD with a 30- to 45-minute conversation in Italian with the author, including a transcript with glossary of the dialogue as an appendix in the book. The publisher recommends that readers have completed the equivalent of two years of college Italian. While each title is amply annotated, beginners may still find it difficult to contend with the texts. With their specially annotated editions of Italian books, the Linguality Italian Book Club offers a unique method for those looking to dramatically improve their Italian language skills. Instead of waiting for the English version of a popular Italian book (few foreign-language titles are ever translated into English anyway), Italian language learners can take off the blinders and read the original without having to resort to the dictionary. Italian Book ListA subscription to Lingualitys Italian Book Club includes six hard-bound books with author interviews on CD. Titles in the series include: Va dove ti porta il cuore (Follow Your Heart) by Susanna Tamaro La scoperta dellalba (The Discovery of the Dawn) by Walter Veltroni Mamma Mia! by Fabrizio Blini Nel momento (In an Instant) by Andrea De Carlo LOrda (The Hoard) by Gian Antonio Stella Il buio e il miele (The Darkness and the Honey) by Giovanni Arpino

Monday, February 17, 2020

Clostridium Difficile Infection Prevention Essay

Clostridium Difficile Infection Prevention - Essay Example Health and social care facilities generate a challenging environment due to the operations undertaken on a daily basis. This environment poses as a perfect medium for transfer of the microorganisms from patient, equipment and staff. It is important to be vigilant at all times in these environments due to the vulnerability; pressure associated with opportunist pathogens and the intensity and complexity of health care environments (Angenent & Kelly, 2009). Patients with mild symptoms of c. diff may improve if they stop taking antibiotics. Those with severe symptoms need different antibiotic medication. When the severity suffered is intense, medics administer further therapy. Clostridium difficile is an infection of the colon by the bacterium. It causes colitis by producing toxins that damage the lining of the colon. The symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. It can develop into severe complications, which include dehydration, rupture of the colon, and spread of infection s to the abdominal cavity or body. The most common cause of c. difficile colitis occurs in patients, in the hospitals, though a number of cases out of the hospital have increased. The choice of this topic in this research is influenced by the responsibility burden for social care facilities and health organizations as important pillars in curbing down c. difficile infections. As seen above, these environments are exposed to breeding grounds for the pathogens causing c. diff to grow and infect people easily.... Statistics show that hospitalized patients are more prone to the infection; however, it also affects healthy individuals. Every employee working under health departments has a key responsibility to ensure prevention and management of the infections. This responsibility covers entirely all health and social care organizations, regardless of the patient setting or care provider. Introduction of good health practices is geared towards prevention and management of infections related to pathogens that cause c. diff. There are many attributions to infection or diseases, for example, different microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and prions. These microorganisms result in a wide variety of infections (Beltrami, 2010). Such infections include urinary tract, wounds, respiratory, blood, bone and skin infections. To say that not all infections are transmissible will be in order; nonetheless, a majority of them such as influenza, clostridium difficile and norovirus can spread from on e person to another hence end up causing transmissible infections (Artel, 2011). Health and social care facilities should be made responsible for enhancing good health practices. Health and social care facilities generate a challenging environment due to the operations undertaken on a daily basis. This environment poses as a perfect medium for transfer of the microorganisms from patient, equipment and staff. It is important to be vigilant at all times in these environments due to the vulnerability; pressure associated with opportunist pathogens and the intensity and complexity of health care environments (Angenent & Kelly, 2009). Patients with mild symptoms of c. diff may improve if they stop taking antibiotics. Those with severe symptoms need different antibiotic medication. When

Monday, February 3, 2020

Business analysis of Oklahoma National Bank Case Study

Business analysis of Oklahoma National Bank - Case Study Example During these years, the bank had competed very well hence leading to its success. Its loan outstanding was also doubled yearly and its core deposit growth was on a straight incline (Townsend, Busenitz, & Arthurs, 2001). Factors that led to Oklahoma national bank success Quality management Total quality management is one of the management approaches applied by Oklahoma bank in seeking to establish zero defects when running its business. It comprises of team leadership, worker empowerment, and creative problem solving in order to achieve its set goals. These programs are now available in marketing, production, customer support and finance (Schjoedt, 2009). A TQM program includes all aspects of organizations operations that include; the structure of the company, the culture the company has developed, and its hiring and promotional practices. TQM evolved from the quality assurance methods that were first developed during the First World War. It was due to the poor banking systems in the First World War that led to the adoption of the quality management practices by this bank (Rodriguez, 2008) Defining and measuring quality in Oklahoma bank Quality in its final analysis, is the capacity to meet diverse requirements which are economical, productive, social and of course with measurable actions. The quality of performance is one of the basic elements in trying to differentiate an organization within any market. This bank has applied the quality management in the following areas of its operation: 1) Customer relationships - involves establishing strong relationships with the customer’s through partnership arrangements and having direct customer contacts. 2) Customer involvement in the new product designs - this involves the involvement of the potential customers in the... Business analysis of Oklahoma National Bank It was founded in early 2000 and grew at such an alarming rate that within a couple of years, it multiplied more than eleven times the original assets and capital. It provides personal banking, commercial banking, business banking, and wealth management services in the United States. Its success was fueled by strong organizational culture, the bank’s ability to maintain high asset quality, quality management and use of En Act to zero in on customer relationship. Since then, it has merged with a larger banking organization, but it retains its decision making at a local level. It does this in order to remain committed to the fundamental values and beliefs that have seen this bank go far. As a result, the bank prides itself in having a unique laic culture of a strong relationship among the employees, directors and the founders of the bank. The bank is also God driven as they open all meetings with a prayer hence see this particular adventure as a blessing from God and seek to be good stewards indeed. Another key strategy which the bank has applied is that, they promote open discussion and honesty among their employees in order to have an honest dialogue in â€Å"an effort to effort† to meet the customers long term banking needs. This paper presents a model of strategic approach and entrepreneurial behavior and activities in either individual or cooperate entrepreneurship that eventually leads to a positive leap forward relative to present position.